Journal: Cell metabolism

Article Title: Ejection of damaged mitochondria and their removal by macrophages ensure efficient thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue

doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.02.016

Figure Lengend Snippet: KEY RESOURCES TABLE

Article Snippet: CD86 Antibody, anti-mouse, FITC, Miltenyi Biotec , Miltenyi Biotec , Cat# 130–123-672; RRID:AB_2889633.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Recombinant, Cytometry, Purification, shRNA, Cell Culture, Lysis, XF Assay, Staining, Isolation, Transfection, Live Cell Imaging, Mouse Assay, Software, Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Stimulation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor by Nicotine Suppresses Decidual M1 Macrophage Polarization Against Inflammation in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Preeclampsia-Like Mouse Model

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642071

Figure Lengend Snippet: A higher expression of CD86 on decidual macrophages (dMφ) with a lower expression of CD163 on dMφ was found in PE patients. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of CD86 (M1 biomarkers) on dMφ in PE patients and normal controls; the relative CD86 positive CD68 immunoreactivity was quantified as shown in the graph. CD68 was stained as pan-macrophage biomarker. White arrows indicated positive stained signals. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images of CD163 (M2 biomarkers) on dMφ in PE patients and normal controls; quantification for the relative CD163 positive dMφ immunoreactivity was shown in the graph. White arrows indicated positive stained signals. Scale bar=30 μm. * P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies incubation was processed at 4°C for 20 hrs, the information for single immunofluorescent staining was as following: anti-MMP-9 (rabbit, 1:100, cat#AF5228, Affinity Biosciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA), anti-α-SMA (rabbit, 1:100, cat#bs-10196R, Bioss Biotechnology, Beijing, China); the information for double immunofluorescent staining was as following: α7nAChR (rabbit, 1:50, cat# ab10096, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), CD68 (mouse,1:50, cat# ab955), CD86 (rabbit, 1:50, cat# bs1035R, Bioss Biotechnology), CD163(rabbit, 1:50, cat# ab182422), anti-E-cadherin (mouse, 1:40, cat#sc-8426, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, U.S.A.), anti-cytokeratin 7 (CK7, rabbit, 1:20, cat# bs-1744R, Bioss Biotechnology).Sections were then rinsed in PBS and incubated with a secondary antibody for 3 hrs at room temperature.

Techniques: Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Biomarker Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Stimulation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor by Nicotine Suppresses Decidual M1 Macrophage Polarization Against Inflammation in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Preeclampsia-Like Mouse Model

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642071

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunofluorescent staining results showed that nicotine differentially affected the expression of decidual macrophage M1 and M2 biomarkers in PE-like mice. (A) Immunostaining of CD86 and CD68 in the decidua from all animal groups and bar graph showed quantitative analysis results on CD86-positive immunoreactivity in dMφ. White arrow heads showed colocalization of dMφ with CD86. Scale bar=30 μm. ** P < 0.01. (B) Immunostaining of CD163 and CD68 in the decidua from all animal groups and bar graph showed quantitative analysis results on CD163-positive immunoreactivity in dMφ. White arrow heads showed colocalization of dMφ with CD163. Scale bar=30 μm. * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies incubation was processed at 4°C for 20 hrs, the information for single immunofluorescent staining was as following: anti-MMP-9 (rabbit, 1:100, cat#AF5228, Affinity Biosciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA), anti-α-SMA (rabbit, 1:100, cat#bs-10196R, Bioss Biotechnology, Beijing, China); the information for double immunofluorescent staining was as following: α7nAChR (rabbit, 1:50, cat# ab10096, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), CD68 (mouse,1:50, cat# ab955), CD86 (rabbit, 1:50, cat# bs1035R, Bioss Biotechnology), CD163(rabbit, 1:50, cat# ab182422), anti-E-cadherin (mouse, 1:40, cat#sc-8426, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, U.S.A.), anti-cytokeratin 7 (CK7, rabbit, 1:20, cat# bs-1744R, Bioss Biotechnology).Sections were then rinsed in PBS and incubated with a secondary antibody for 3 hrs at room temperature.

Techniques: Staining, Expressing, Immunostaining

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Stimulation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor by Nicotine Suppresses Decidual M1 Macrophage Polarization Against Inflammation in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Preeclampsia-Like Mouse Model

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642071

Figure Lengend Snippet: FCM analysis results showed that nicotine prompted the polarization of M1 dMφ to M2 dMφ from LPS-induced PE-like mice. (A) FCM analysis of the percentage of CD86 + , TNF-α + , IL-1β + and iNOS + dMφ from different animal groups (n=10 each). Total leukocytes were gated using FSC vs. SSC and then gated for identifying CD68 + macrophages. Gating strategy was the same to that used to identify CD68 + CHAT + cells. (B) FCM analysis of the percentage of CD206 + , CD 163 + , IL-10 + and Arg-1 + dMφ from different animal groups (n=10 each). * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies incubation was processed at 4°C for 20 hrs, the information for single immunofluorescent staining was as following: anti-MMP-9 (rabbit, 1:100, cat#AF5228, Affinity Biosciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA), anti-α-SMA (rabbit, 1:100, cat#bs-10196R, Bioss Biotechnology, Beijing, China); the information for double immunofluorescent staining was as following: α7nAChR (rabbit, 1:50, cat# ab10096, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), CD68 (mouse,1:50, cat# ab955), CD86 (rabbit, 1:50, cat# bs1035R, Bioss Biotechnology), CD163(rabbit, 1:50, cat# ab182422), anti-E-cadherin (mouse, 1:40, cat#sc-8426, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, U.S.A.), anti-cytokeratin 7 (CK7, rabbit, 1:20, cat# bs-1744R, Bioss Biotechnology).Sections were then rinsed in PBS and incubated with a secondary antibody for 3 hrs at room temperature.

Techniques:

Journal: Theranostics

Article Title: Non-invasive photobiomodulation treatment in an Alzheimer Disease-like transgenic rat model

doi: 10.7150/thno.70756

Figure Lengend Snippet: PBM treatment promotes microglial polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype. (A) Representative confocal microscopy images and 3D reconstruction images of Iba-1 with M1 marker CD16/32 or the M2 marker CD 206 in both the cortex and hippocampus. The relative fluorescent intensities of CD16/32 and CD206 were analyzed using Image J. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5). Rectangles indicate cells enlarged and 3D-rendered in the bottom row. Scale bar = 20 µm. (B) Western blotting analysis of M1 phenotype markers (i.e., CD32, CD86, and iNOS) and M2 phenotype markers (i.e., TGFβ and ARG). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 4). (C) Immunofluorescence staining of Iba-1 with M1 marker CD16/32 or the M2 marker CD 206 in vitro cell culture. Scale bar = 20 µm. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). * P < 0.05 versus WT group, # P < 0.05 versus AD or Aβ1-42 group.

Article Snippet: After incubation with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 30 min, the membranes were then incubated at 4 °C overnight with the following antibodies: Bax (Abcam), PSD95 (Thermo Fisher), spinophilin (Abcam), synaptophysin (Abcam), GAPDH (Abcam), CD86 (Proteintech), iNOS (Abcam), CD32 (Proteintech), TGFβ (Proteintech), ARG (Proteintech), MFF (Proteintech), FIS1 (Proteintech), Drp1 (BD Biosciences), MFN2 (Proteintech), OPA1 (BD Biosciences), COX4 (Proteintech), Hbα (Abcam), Bcl-2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and β-actin (Proteintech).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Marker, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining, In Vitro, Cell Culture

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: Genipin Attenuates Diabetic Cognitive Impairment by Reducing Lipid Accumulation and Promoting Mitochondrial Fusion via FABP4/Mfn1 Signaling in Microglia

doi: 10.3390/antiox12010074

Figure Lengend Snippet: GEN shifted microglia polarization and inhibited lipid accumulation in LPS/HG/PA-induced HMC3 cells. The HMC3 cells were treated with GEN (5, 10, 20 μM) for 4 h and then stimulated with LPS/HG/PA for 12 h. The supernatant concentrations of TNF-α ( A ), IL-6 ( B ), IL-4 ( C ) and IL-10 ( D ) were examined by ELISA (n = 4). The mRNA expressions of iNOS ( E ), CCL2 ( F ), ARG1 ( G ) and YM1 ( H ) in cells were assessed by PCR (n = 4). The population of CD68-positive and CD206-positive cells were measured by flow cytometry ( I ). The expressions of FABP4, p-NF-κB and NF-κB were detected by Western blot ( J – L ) (n = 3). The nucleus translocation of NF-κB was visualized by immunofluorescence staining under laser confocal microscope. The scale bar equaled 5 μm ( M ). The lipid accumulation was observed by oil red O staining. The scale bar equaled 50 μm ( N ). The analysis of oil red O staining ( O ). The mRNA expressions of fatty acid β-oxidation genes including ACOX1 , ACAA2 and ECHS1 were measured by PCR ( P ). The mRNA expressions of fatty acid uptake genes including SLC27A1 and PPARα were measured by PCR ( Q ). The mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthesis genes including FASN and ACLY were measured by PCR ( R ). The results are expressed as means ± SDs. ### p < 0.001 compared with control group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared with LPS/HG/PA group or the other group. ns means not significant.

Article Snippet: Mfn2 (#9482S), Drp1 (#8570S), p-Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) (#3033), NF-κB (#8242), CD68 (#91882), p47phox (#4312), β-actin (#4970), Na, K-ATPase (#3010), ubiquitin (#3936), Flag (#8146), Flag (#14793), HA (#3724), Myc (#2276), V5 (#80076), mouse anti-rabbit IgG (Conformation Specific, #5127), rabbit anti-mouse IgG (Light Chain Specific, #58802) and mouse anti-rabbit IgG (Light-Chain Specific, #93702) antibodies were provided by Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flow Cytometry, Western Blot, Translocation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Microscopy, Control

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Biodegradable Cardiac Occluder with Surface Modification by Gelatin–Peptide Conjugate to Promote Endogenous Tissue Regeneration

doi: 10.1002/advs.202305967

Figure Lengend Snippet: PGAG mitigated inflammation and promoted release of reparative cytokines. A) Representative images of BMDMs treated on PDO, PDGA, PDAG, and PGAG membranes (blue: nuclear; red: F4/80 + ; green: CD86 + ). B) Quantification of percentage of CD86 + expression within F4/80 + BMDMs ( n = 3). The box plot indicates the range from min to max. Relative protein expression of C) TGF‐β, D) VEGF, E) IL‐4, F) IL‐10, G) TNF‐α and H) IFN‐γ in supernate of BMDMs determined by ELISA ( n = 4 for each test). I) Relative protein expression of MMP9 in BMDMs determined by western blotting ( n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD. p ‐values are calculated using one‐way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. ns = no significance, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For macrophage polarization investigation, the slices were incubated with mouse CD68 monoclonal antibody (1:200, Proteintech, 66231‐2‐Ig) and rabbit CD86 monoclonal antibody (1:200, Cell Signaling, #76755).

Techniques: Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Biodegradable Cardiac Occluder with Surface Modification by Gelatin–Peptide Conjugate to Promote Endogenous Tissue Regeneration

doi: 10.1002/advs.202305967

Figure Lengend Snippet: PGAG occluder promoted endothelialization and mitigated polarization of pro‐inflammatory macrophages. A) Immunofluorescence staining of CD31 (green) and integrin α3 (red). The white line indicates 100 µm. B) Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 (green) and CD86 (red). The white line indicates 200 µm. Statistical data of average fluorescence intensity of C) CD31, D) integrin α3, E) CD68, and F) CD86 ( n = 5 for each test). Data are presented as mean ± SD. p ‐values are calculated using unpaired t test. ns = no significance, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: For macrophage polarization investigation, the slices were incubated with mouse CD68 monoclonal antibody (1:200, Proteintech, 66231‐2‐Ig) and rabbit CD86 monoclonal antibody (1:200, Cell Signaling, #76755).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Fluorescence

Journal: Journal of integrative neuroscience

Article Title: Avicularin Treatment Ameliorates Ischemic Stroke Damage by Regulating Microglia Polarization and its Exosomes via the NLRP3 Pathway.

doi: 10.31083/j.jin2311196

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. AL regulated microglial polarization after MCAO/R. Double immunofluorescence (IBA1: red; CD86 or CD206: green;

Article Snippet: CD86 antibody conjugatedwith phycoerythrin fluorescent dye (Cat. No. PE-65068; Proteintech Group, Inc.) and CD206 antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (Cat. No. 141703; FITC; Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA) were added to cells.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence

Journal: Journal of integrative neuroscience

Article Title: Avicularin Treatment Ameliorates Ischemic Stroke Damage by Regulating Microglia Polarization and its Exosomes via the NLRP3 Pathway.

doi: 10.31083/j.jin2311196

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5. AL affected cell polarization of OGD/R BV2 cells. Flow cytometry was conducted to assay the expression of CD86 and

Article Snippet: CD86 antibody conjugatedwith phycoerythrin fluorescent dye (Cat. No. PE-65068; Proteintech Group, Inc.) and CD206 antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (Cat. No. 141703; FITC; Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA) were added to cells.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Expressing

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Genetic knock-in of EIF2AK3 variants reveals differences in PERK activity in mouse liver and pancreas under endoplasmic reticulum stress

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-74362-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increased PERK activity in PERK-B/B MDMs is not associated with altered function in vitro. A. Cy3-tagged zymosan beads were added to PERK-A/A and PERK-B/B MDM cultures for 0–40 min to measure phagocytosis efficiency. Representative immunofluorescence images are shown. Phalloidin and DAPI were used to label macrophages and nuclei, respectively (n = 3–6/group). B. Quantification of the number of bead-containing cells normalized to the total number of cells shows no significant difference between the groups. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Sidak’s test for multiple comparisons. C. Cell survival of PERK-A/A and PERK-B/B MDMs was determined after 24 h of treatment with varying doses of tunicamycin (Tm), thapsigargin (Tg), or the PERK activator (PA) and compared to vehicle control (VC) and untreated control. Representative immunofluorescence images are shown. Phalloidin and DAPI were used to label macrophages and nuclei, respectively (n = 3–4/group). D. Survival graphs of experiments shown in ( C ) are normalized to the untreated control. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons, *p < 0.05. E–H. cDNA was isolated from PERK-A/A and PERK-B/B MDMs treated with varying doses of the ER stressors tunicamycin (Tm), thapsigargin (Tg), or the PERK activator (PA) for 12 h, and expression levels of Cd86 ( E ), Cd80 ( F ), Arg1 ( G ), and Cd206 ( H ) by qRT-PCR. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons.

Article Snippet: For gene expression analyses, the following TaqMan assays (catalog #4331182, Thermo Fisher Scientific) were used: Cd86 (Mm00444540_m1), Cd80 (Mm00711660_m1), Cd206 (Mm01329359_m1), Arg1 (Mm00475988_m1), Gapdh (Mm99999915_g1), Bip (Mm00517691_m1), Chop (Mm01135937_g1), Gadd34 (Mm01205601_g1), and Atf4 (Mm00515325_g1).

Techniques: Activity Assay, In Vitro, Immunofluorescence, Control, Isolation, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Effect of naturally derived surgical hemostatic materials on the proliferation of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100233

Figure Lengend Snippet: The immunophenotypes of macrophages after subcutaneous implantation of hemostatic materials at 7 and 21-day retrieval. (A) Immunofluorescence images of F4/80+ cells (green) and nuclei (blue) (scale bar ​= ​50 ​μm). (B) The macrophage number comparison for the control, GS, Surgicel and biopaper groups. (C) Immunofluorescence images of CD86 + cells (red), CD163+ cells (green) and nuclei (blue) (scale bar ​= ​50 ​μm). (D) The macrophage subtype ratio (C163+ cells/CD86+ cells) comparison for the four groups. (E) Relative arginase-1 (ARG1) and TNF-α mRNA level ratios at 7 and 21-day retrieval. (F) Representative immunoblot of TNF-α, ARG1 and β-actin at 7 and 21-day retrieval. (G) The relative protein band densitometric quantification of TNF-α. (H) The relative protein band densitometric quantification for ARG1. Data are presented as the mean ​± ​SD (∗ p ​< ​0.05 and ∗∗∗ p ​< ​0.001 versus the control group; ## p ​< ​0.01 and ### p ​< ​0.001 versus the GS group). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Macrophage M1/M2 subtypes were investigated by double staining with rat anti-mouse CD86 (dilution 1:200, Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) and rabbit anti-mouse CD163 antibodies (dilution 1:500, Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Comparison, Control, Western Blot

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Effect of naturally derived surgical hemostatic materials on the proliferation of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100233

Figure Lengend Snippet: Subcutaneous implantation of A549 ​cells with hemostatic materials. (A) Gross examination of subcutaneous tumors at 21-day harvest for the control, GS, Surgicel and biopaper groups. (B) Tumor volume comparison for the four groups at 21-day retrieval. Data are presented as the mean ​± ​SD (∗∗∗ p ​< ​0.001 versus the control group; ### p ​< ​0.001 versus the GS group). (C) Representative H&E staining for the four groups at 3, 7, 14 and 21-day retrieval (scale bar ​= ​200 ​μm). (D) Representative Masson's trichrome staining for the GS and Surgicel groups at 21-day retrieval (scale bar ​= ​1 ​mm and 200 ​μm for original and amplified images). (E–G) Representative double immunofluorescence staining of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, CD86 + and CD163+ macrophages, and F4/80+ and VEGF-A ​+ ​M2d macrophages (scale bar ​= ​50 ​μm). The arrows show the M2d macrophages. (H) Kaplan–Meier survival curve of the four groups (∗ p ​< ​0.05 and ∗∗ p ​< ​0.01 versus the control group).

Article Snippet: Macrophage M1/M2 subtypes were investigated by double staining with rat anti-mouse CD86 (dilution 1:200, Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) and rabbit anti-mouse CD163 antibodies (dilution 1:500, Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: Control, Comparison, Staining, Amplification, Double Immunofluorescence Staining

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: MSCs-derived ECM functionalized hydrogel regulates macrophage reprogramming for osteoarthritis treatment by improving mitochondrial function and energy metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101340

Figure Lengend Snippet: Extraction and Characterization of ECM. A. ECM is obtained through different intervention methods and decellularization. B. Light microscopy image and fibronectin fluorescence image before decellularization. C. Staining of cell nuclei and cytoskeleton before decellularization. D. Light microscopy image and fibronectin fluorescence image after decellularization. E. Staining of cell nuclei and cytoskeleton after decellularization. F. Representative immunofluorescence images of macrophages cultured on ECM and IL-6-ECM, showing CD86 (M1 marker, green), CD206 (M2 marker, red), and DAPI (Nuclei, blue). (Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, n = 3, ∗/∗∗/∗∗∗/∗∗∗∗ and#/##/###/#### indicated p < 0.05/p < 0.01/p < 0.001/p < 0.0001 in comparison with the Control and Blank groups, respectively).

Article Snippet: After 3 days, the culture was terminated and the macrophages were subjected to immunofluorescence staining for CD86 (Proteintech, China) and CD206 (Proteintech, China).

Techniques: Extraction, Light Microscopy, Fluorescence, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Cell Culture, Marker, Standard Deviation, Comparison, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: MSCs-derived ECM functionalized hydrogel regulates macrophage reprogramming for osteoarthritis treatment by improving mitochondrial function and energy metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101340

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulation of Macrophage Polarization by ECM functionalized Hydrogel In Vitro. A-B. Immunofluorescence images of RAW cells showing CD86 (M1 marker, green), CD206 (M2 marker, red), and DAPI (Nuclei, blue). E-H. Gene expression levels of CD86, IL-1β, CD206, and ARG-1 in macrophages of each group, detected by RT-PCR. I-M. ELISA detection of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 levels in the supernatant of macrophages from each group. (Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, n = 3, ∗/∗∗/∗∗∗/∗∗∗∗ and#/##/###/#### indicated p < 0.05/p < 0.01/p < 0.001/p < 0.0001 in comparison with the Control and Blank groups, respectively).

Article Snippet: After 3 days, the culture was terminated and the macrophages were subjected to immunofluorescence staining for CD86 (Proteintech, China) and CD206 (Proteintech, China).

Techniques: In Vitro, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Gene Expression, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Standard Deviation, Comparison, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: MSCs-derived ECM functionalized hydrogel regulates macrophage reprogramming for osteoarthritis treatment by improving mitochondrial function and energy metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101340

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulation of Macrophage Polarization by Hydrogel In Vivo: A-C. Immunofluorescence images of MMP13, CD86, and CD206. D-F. Quantification of immunofluorescence intensity for MMP13, CD86, and CD206. (Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, n = 5, ∗/∗∗/∗∗∗/∗∗∗∗ and#/##/###/#### indicated p < 0.05/p < 0.01/p < 0.001/p < 0.0001 in comparison with the PBS and ECM@GelMA groups, respectively).

Article Snippet: After 3 days, the culture was terminated and the macrophages were subjected to immunofluorescence staining for CD86 (Proteintech, China) and CD206 (Proteintech, China).

Techniques: In Vivo, Immunofluorescence, Standard Deviation, Comparison